[Editor’s note: The below is an open letter to the United Nations, signed by over 100 signatories, concerning the present situation in Syria, and implications for the future of the international community, as represented by the United Nations, and especially its Security Council. In addition to being published here by Al-Jumhuriya, the letter has been sent directly to over a dozen senior U.N. officials, listed at the end of the text below.]

In 2000, Secretary General Kofi Annan submitted a report to the United Nations, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century.http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan000923.pdf A/54/2000 (27th March, 2000) Paragraphs 215-219 took up what he called the “dilemma of intervention,” characterized in terms of a conflict between the defense of humanity and the defense of sovereignty. Acknowledging that states are often the “principal perpetrators against the very citizens that humanitarian law requires them to protect” (para. 210), he stated that the Security Council had a “moral duty to act on behalf of the international community” and that “surely no legal principle—even sovereignty—can ever shield crimes against humanity” (para. 219).

This dilemma has not been resolved, and events in Syria have made clear that the attempt to forge an international consensus concerning the responsibility of states to protect the human rights of their own citizens has stalled, and quite possibly failed.  This situation must change. The failures we see in Syria are failures of our international community; as the representative body for the international community, the U.N. bears responsibility for the failure to halt the Assad regime’s brutal campaign of terror against Syrians. While we appreciate Secretary General António Guterres’ recent remarks about the need to protect the 3.5 million people now in and around Idlib, the past seven years provide no basis for optimism on this score.

Events in Syria have resulted in paralysis at the highest levels of the U.N., sending a message—and not for the first time—that sovereign impunity and self-interest can apparently trump all other considerations when a country or one of its allies has veto power at the Security Council; even mass murder on a genocidal scale will not necessarily be stopped. This message is contrary to the purposes and principles expressed in the U.N. Charter,http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html  and is particularly worrisome at a time when the rise of increasingly authoritarian and nationalistic governments threatens to undermine international cooperation, stability, and peace, jeopardizing the work required to deal with global challenges successfully—de-escalation of conflicts; global warming; poverty and economic injustices; to name just a few. The U.N. remains an organization of considerable global power, but ineffectual moral outrage coupled with a continual and childish game of tu quoque at the Security Council only underscores how questionable the efficacy of this institution has become when a sovereign state violates the human rights of its own people. What has happened in Syria over the past seven years is consequently of enormous global significance. It reveals that even the most clearly and exhaustively documented chronicles of a government’s abuses are no guarantee that a vulnerable and brutalized population can make a successful claim for protection under international law, and it reveals that the member states of the U.N., particularly those on the Security Council,  are apparently incapable of acting in concert when action is most needed.  Whatever diplomatic and other efforts have been made to halt the slaughter, whatever condemnations of the Assad government and its allies have been issued, they are of no apparent help to the people of Idlib, who are now under profound threat.  We urge you to do everything in your power to prevent another human and humanitarian tragedy in Syria, and by doing so, to renew your institution’s commitment to global cooperation and an ethics of partnership.

At any point over the past seven years, the government of Syria could have decided to take appropriate and effective steps to protect its population against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, in keeping with the political commitment it made when it signed onto the document issuing out of the 2005 World Summit, which specifically relied on the notion of the “Responsibility to protect” (R2P).2005 World Summit Outcome Document, A/RES/60/1, paragraphs 138-140 This document makes clear that sovereignty is not only a right to be asserted in the face of outside interference, but also a responsibility owed by the government of a sovereign nation to protect, ensure, and advance the well-being of its entire population. Similarly, the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Actshttp://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf  submitted to the United Nations General Assembly in 2001 acknowledge a general law of state responsibility within international law, which is relevant in profound cases of state abuse of its own citizens, as has occurred over the past seven years in Syria.  It would seem that Assad has bested your institution, in the sense that its high principles have so far proven no match for the regime’s impunity.

The Assad government has utterly failed to meet any reasonable criteria of responsibility regarding the civilian population of Syria. With its decision to respond to peaceful, nonviolent protests with increasing force and violence, this regime signaled to the entire world that it had no intention of adhering to any international humanitarian norms with respect to the treatment of people residing within its borders; instead of being protected and treated with dignity, Syrian citizens were regarded as chattel—to be murdered, abused, terrorized, debased, and exploited as the regime wished. According to recent figures provided by OCHA, 13.1 million Syrians are in need of humanitarian assistance, 5.6 million have fled the country, and 6.1 million people have been internally displaced.http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic (Figures as of February 2018) The World Food Program provides assistance to 3 million people inside Syria and to 1.5 million Syrian refugees outside the country.http://www1.wfp.org/emergencies/syria-emergency  Many thousands have died under torture in the regime’s prisons,https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-CRP1_en.pdf ; https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2445082016ENGLISH.PDF ; https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/16/if-dead-could-speak/mass-deaths-and-torture-syrias-detention-facilities ; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un/graphic-torture-photos-from-syria-on-display-at-united-nations-idUSKBN0M628420150310  and the whereabouts of tens of thousands more remain unknown to anyone outside the regime itself.https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2454152017ENGLISH.PDF And while the U.N. stopped tracking figures on the number of Syrian civilians killed in the conflict in 2014, U.N. Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura estimated in 2016 that at least as many as 400,000 had died,https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-04-22/note-correspondents-transcript-press-stakeout-united While de Mistura acknowledges the challenges of coming up with an accurate figure, he underscored that it “cannot be 250,000 anymore” in light of the continuing violence.  which is likely a low estimate.

The Assad government is responsible for over 90% of the documented civilian deaths within Syria since 2011.http://vdc-sy.net/monthly-statistical-report-casualties-syria-march-2018/ All perpetrators of war crimes in Syria should be held accountable for their actions, but it is important to underscore the responsibility of the regime for the overwhelming number of violations that have occurred since nonviolent protests began in 2011—behavior in keeping with a comprehensive, consistent, and longstanding pattern of citizen abuse that began under Hafez al-Assad and was institutionally as well as informally enshrined within the entire Syrian state, from the most modest village school to the grimmest cells of Tadmor and Saydnaya. It has been exhaustively documented that acts prohibited under international law have become routine practice in Syria, including widespread torture and death in prisons;http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-CRP1_en.pdf ; https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/16/if-dead-could-speak/mass-deaths-and-torture-syrias-detention-facilities forced disappearances;http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/Documents/A_HRC_27_60_ENG.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 ; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/Documents/A-HRC-25-65_en.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 (pp. 36ff) deliberate targeting of medical personnel and facilities;http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/Documents/A_HRC_27_60_ENG.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 (p. 18); http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session29/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session29/Documents/A-HRC-29-CRP.3.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 (p. 7); http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/Documents/A-HRC-25-65_en.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 (pp 57ff) ;http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/syria-attacks-on-doctors.html ; https://www.msf.org/syria-idlibs-population-suffers-consequences-heavy-fighting-and-airstrikes ; http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/statements/issue-brief-attacks-on-health-syria.html starvation sieges;https://www.sams-usa.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Report_Madaya_Starvation_Under_Siege_.pdf forcible displacement of civilians;https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2473092017ENGLISH.pdf and systemic rape.http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=22833&LangID=E ; http://allsurvivorsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ASP_Syria_Report.pdf ; https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assad-prisons-women-syria-female-inmate-treatment-conditions-exclusive-life-jails-a7899776.html Chemical weapons have been used against civilians on numerous occasions, with the OPCW-UN JIM finding the regime directly responsible for the attack in Khan Shaykhun.http://undocs.org/S/2017/904 The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic has determined that the Assad government used banned chemical weapons on at least 33 occasions.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-warcrimes/un-documents-further-syrian-government-use-of-banned-chemical-weapons-idUSKCN1LS1JH And although Syria and its ally Iran are not a party to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons,https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-2&chapter=26&lang=en  its ally Russia is; the use of so-called “barrel bombs” and other incendiary weapons in heavily-populated areas against civilians and medical personnel has resulted in profound death and destruction, and their use should be investigated under international law.

Again, the past seven years have shown that the U.N. has so far proven institutionally incapable of putting a stop to the violence. Its legitimacy has been tarnished, and the Assad state has been free to act against Syrians as it wishes, without restraint. The fact that reconstruction projects are now being discussed indicates that future business opportunities and commercial deals outrank the human rights of Syrians, which were anyways never of any real consequence to the regime. If those human rights remain of any consequence to the international community as a whole, as represented by the U.N., then the U.N. must either act immediately to protect and secure them, however belatedly, or admit that the institution is at a crossroads and begin a process of comprehensive reform, particularly with respect to the power accorded to the Security Council. The current status quo is intolerable, and must be changed, for the good of Syrians and indeed, for the good of everyone in this world of ours.

There is no indication, absolutely none whatsoever, that the regime and its allies will suddenly start to exercise restraint on the use of violence with regard to the civilian population residing in Idlib.  The regime does not combat “terror;” it unleashes it.  You, as employees of the representative body of the global community, must act to prevent what many reasonably fear will be a horrific slaughter. That is your job.

 

Sincerely:*  

*affiliations are for identification purposes only

 

Amina A., New York City Syria Peace Vigil Group

Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, University of Stirling

Nadia Aissaoui, Sociologist and Feminist Researcher

Khaldoon Alaswad, MD Human rights activist, Director, Catheterization Laboratory Henry Ford Hospital

Jules Alford, Writer

Ron Aminzade, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Minnesota

Joey Ayoub, University of Edinburgh. MENA Editor at Global Voices Online and IFEX

Amr Al-Azm, Professor of Middle East History and Anthropology, Shawnee State University

Iyad El-Baghdadi, President, Kawaakibi Center, Oslo

Joseph Bahout, Non-Resident Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment, Middle-East Program

Adam Baczko, Researcher, PhD Candidate, l’EHESS

Zeina Bali, SPACE – Norway

Mélanie Basset

Andrew Berman, Veterans for Peace

Brooke Binkowski, Journalist

Peter Bohmer, Faculty in Political Economy, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA

Fred Breton, Conservationist

François Burgat, Political Scientist, Aix en Provence

André Burguière, Historian, Research Director, l’EHESS

Terry Burke, Peace and Media Activist, Minneapolis, MN

Marina Centonze, Librarian

Hassan Chamoun, filmmaker

Elena Chiti, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Oslo

Clay Claiborne, Director, Vietnam: American Holocaust, Linux Beach Productions

Clara Connolly, Syria Solidarity UK

Catherine Coquio, University Professor

Gail Daneker, Peace and Human Rights Activist, St. Paul, MN

Charles Davis, Journalist

Andreas Liebe Delsett, Artistic Director, The House of Literature, Oslo

Frédérik Detue, Associate Professor, University of Poitiers

Naomí Ramírez Díaz, Academic and Translator

Claude d’Estrée, Professor of International Law and Human Rights

Anne Eveleth, Anti-War Committees in Solidarity with the Struggles for Self-Determination (AWCs)

Murhaf Fares, PhD fellow, University of Oslo

Darren Fenwick, JD, VP, Syrian American Council 

Yasmin Fredda, Film Director

Bob French, News and Letters Committees, Chicago

Shiyam Galyon, Syrian Women’s Political Movement

Kelly Grotke, Writer and Historian

Dr. Lucy McGuffey, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado Denver

Subhi Hadidi, Literary Critic and Editorialist

Marc Hakim, Medical Doctor

Mazen Halabi, Director of Business Development, WATAN

Sam Charles Hamad, Writer

Juliette Harkin, Lecturer, Anglia Ruskin University

Nader Hashemi, Director, Center for Middle East Studies, Univ. of Denver

Stephen Hastings-King, Writer and Historian

Stanley Heller, Host, “The Struggle” TV news

Dr. H.A. Hellyer, Senior Nonresident Fellow and Visiting Professor, Royal United Services Institute, Atlantic Council & CASIS

Steven Heydemann, Ketchum Professor of Middle East Studies, Smith College

Joël Hubrecht, Jurist, Institut des hautes études sur la justice, France

Sarah Hunaidi, Writer, Translator, and Activist

Afra Jalabi, Writer

Jørgen Jensehaugen, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences 

Betcy Jose, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado Denver

Dr. Michael Karadjis, Western Sydney University

Muhmmad Alkasoom, Teacher and Activist

Keenan Kassar, MBA Candidate, University of Chicago

Oz Katerji, Journalist

Dragana Kaurin, Researcher

Sarah Kay, Human Rights Lawyer

Abdul-Wahab Kayyali, Academic and Musician

Polly Kellogg, Retired Humanities Professor, St Cloud State University, Minnesota

Line Khateeb, Advisor, Norwegian People’s Aid 

Sarah Kilani, Medical Doctor

Kim Kokett, Educator and Peace Activist, Minneapolis, MN

Andrea Love, Educator and Peace Activist, Minneapolis, MN

Ketil Magnussen, Director of The Oslo Documentary Cinema 

Ziad Majed, Associate Professor at the American University of Paris

Farouk Mardam Bey, Historian and Publisher

Amenah Masri, Massachusetts

Jamie Mayerfeld, Professor of Political Science, University of Washington

Kathleen McKay, Board Member Emeritus, Iraqi & American Reconciliation Project

Fred Mecklenburg, News and Letters Committees

Franck Mermier, Professor and Senior Researcher at the CNRS, France

Adnan Al Mhamied, Syrian Social worker, PhD student, School of Social Work, McGill University

Yasser Munif, Emerson College

Karam Nachar, Işık University

Véronique Nahoum-Grappe, Anthropologist and University Professor

Mansour Omari, Journalist and Human Rights Defender

Şenay Özden, Researcher, Turkey

Wendy Pearlman, Northwestern University

Teresa Pepe, University of Oslo 

Caterina Pinto, University of Bari

Raphaël Pitti, Professor and Medical Doctor

Claire A. Poinsignon, Independent Journalist

Danny Postel, Middle East and North African Studies Program, Northwestern University

Kester Ratcliff

Kenan Rahmani, Syrian-American Lawyer and Activist

Leila Nachawati Rego, Writer and Professor

Mary Rizzo, Translator and Activist

Alex Rowell, Al-Jumhuriya English

Adam Sabra, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara

Najwa Sahloul, France

Zaher Sahloul, MD, President & Co-founder, MedGlobal

Yassin al-Haj Saleh, Journalist

Jason Schulman, New Politics magazine

Stephen R. Shalom, William Paterson University of NJ

Tristan Sloughter, Denver Democratic Socialists of America

Bendik Sørvig, Aid Worker and Author, Norway

Edward Sutton, Twin Cities Democratic Socialists of America

Stefan Tarnowski, PhD Candidate, Columbia University

David Turpin Jr., Anti-War Committees in Solidarity with the Struggles for Self-Determination (AWCs)

Bjørn Olav Utvik, Professor of Middle East History, Oslo 

Leila Vignal, University Professor

Johannes Waardenburg, Historian

Elisabeth Ward, Executive Director, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University, Chicago

Joshka Wessels, Lund University

David Williams, Peregrine Forum of Wisconsin

Lydia Wilson, Research Fellow, Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict, University of Oxford

Harald Wolf, Sociologist, Sociological Research Institute at the University of Göttingen, Germany

Nisrine Al Zahre, University Professor

 

Open letter to: 

Member States of the UN General Assembly and Members of the UN Security Council, via Security Council President Nikki Haley (September term) UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

via the Spokesman for the Secretary General Stéphane Dujarric:

-Member States of the UN General Assembly and Members of the UN Security Council

-UN Secretary-General António Guterres

-Oscar Fernandez-Taranco, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support, UN Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO), UN Secretariat, 30th floor, New York, NY 10017

 

-Marta Santos Pais, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Violence Against Children, via UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

-Jean-Pierre Francois Renaud Lacroix, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations,  UN Secretariat, 30th floor, New York, NY 10017

via Elizabeth Cabal, Focal Point for NGOs:

 

-Jeffrey Feltman, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, UNGA Department of Political Affairs, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

-Staffan de Mistura, UN Special Envoy for Syria, UNGA Department of Political Affairs, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

via Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR):

–Michelle Bachelet, High Commissioner of Human Rights, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland

-Paulo Pinheiro, Karen Koning Abuzayd, and Hanny Megally, Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Human Rights Council, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland 

via United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA):

–Mark Lowcock, Under-Secretary-General and Emergency Relief Coordinator, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

–Ursula Mueller, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

-Panos Moumtzis, Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syria Crisis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)       

via United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism:   

-Vladimir Ivanovich Voronkov, Under-Secretary-General

-Jehangir Khan, Director

via United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA):

-Thomas Markram, Director and Deputy to the High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)

-Izumi Nakamitsu, Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for Disarmament Affairs

via United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division – International Migration, United Nations, 2 United Nations Plaza, Rm. DC2-1950, New York, NY 10017 USA

-Louise Arbour, UN Special Representative for International Migration

-Peter Sutherland, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) for International   Migration

-David Beasley, Executive Director, World Food Program (WFP)

-Adama Dieng, United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

-Henrietta H. Fore, Executive Director, UNICEF

-Virginia Gamba, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations 405 East 42nd St New York, NY 10017, USA

-Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General, World Health Organization (WHO), 20, avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland via WHO Media

-Filippo Grandi, United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), Case Postale 2500, CH-1211 Genève 2 Dépôt, Suisse

-Christopher Gunness, Spokesperson, Director of Advocacy and Strategic Communications, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)

-Nils Melzer, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland

-Ahmed Al Meraikhi, Humanitarian Envoy of the UN Secretary-General, Office of the Secretary-General’s Humanitarian Envoy, PO Box 250, Street 804, Building 44 Zone 66 West Bay Lagoon, Doha, Qatar

-Gustavo Adolfo Meza-Cuadra Velásquez, Chair, United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, UN Security Council, via UN Headquarters: 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA 

-Jens Modvig, Chair, and Members of the Committee Against Torture, UNOG-OHCHR, CH-1211 Geneva 10 (Switzerland)

-Iyad H. Nasr, Regional Public Information Officer, Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa (ROMENA), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)

-Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser, UN High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, United Nations Alliance of Civilizations Secretariat, 730 Third Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10017  

-Fionnuala D. Ní Aoláin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, UN Human Rights Council

-Pramila Patten, Under-Secretary General, United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC)

-Jana Reinišová, Executive Council Chair, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Johan de Wittlaan 32, 2517 JR – The Hague, The Netherlands  via

-Ivan Šimonović and/or Pending Appointment, United Nations Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect, United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA

-Achim Steiner, Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA via Mr. Noeman M M AlSayyad, Regional Communications Advisor 

-Vojislav Šuc, President, Human Rights Council, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais Wilson, 52 rue des Pâquis, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland 

-Juliette S. Touma, Chief of Communication, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa (Jordan)

-Mourad Wahba, Director, Regional Bureau for Arab States, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), One United Nations Plaza, DC1-22nd Floor, New York, NY, 10017

-Ali H. Za’tari, Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations Development Program (UNDP)